参考:https://blog.csdn.net/qq_16504067/article/details/121114404

1 JDK自带API

java核心jar包rt.jar包下为我们提供了java操作http的类。java.net包下面的抽象类HttpURLConnection为我们提供了发起http请求的途径和方法。其具体实现类同样在rt.jar包中,为sun.net.www.protocol.http.HttpURLConnection。这两个类名相同但是包名不同。

其继承关系为:

sun.net.www.protocol.http.HttpURLConnection<—java.net.HttpURLConnection<—java.net.URLConnection

下面举例说明该类的使用方式。

1.1 HttpURLConnection实现http请求

public class HttpURLConnectionUtil {
    public static String doGet(String httpUrl){
        //链接
        HttpURLConnection connection = null;
        InputStream is = null;
        BufferedReader br = null;
        StringBuffer result = new StringBuffer();
        try {
            //创建连接
            URL url = new URL(httpUrl);
            connection = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();
            //设置请求方式
            connection.setRequestMethod("GET");
            //设置连接超时时间
            connection.setReadTimeout(15000);
            //开始连接
            connection.connect();
            //获取响应数据
            if (connection.getResponseCode() == 200) {
                //获取返回的数据
                is = connection.getInputStream();
                if (null != is) {
                    br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(is, "UTF-8"));
                    String temp = null;
                    while (null != (temp = br.readLine())) {
                        result.append(temp);
                    }
                }
            }
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } finally {
            if (null != br) {
                try {
                    br.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            if (null != is) {
                try {
                    is.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            //关闭远程连接
            connection.disconnect();
        }
        return result.toString();
    }

    public static String doPost(String httpUrl, @Nullable String param) {
        StringBuffer result = new StringBuffer();
        //连接
        HttpURLConnection connection = null;
        OutputStream os = null;
        InputStream is = null;
        BufferedReader br = null;
        try {
            //创建连接对象
            URL url = new URL(httpUrl);
            //创建连接
            connection = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();
            //设置请求方法
            connection.setRequestMethod("POST");
            //设置连接超时时间
            connection.setConnectTimeout(15000);
            //设置读取超时时间
            connection.setReadTimeout(15000);
            //DoOutput设置是否向httpUrlConnection输出,DoInput设置是否从httpUrlConnection读入,此外发送post请求必须设置这两个
            //设置是否可读取
            connection.setDoOutput(true);
            connection.setDoInput(true);
            //设置通用的请求属性
            connection.setRequestProperty("accept", "*/*");
            connection.setRequestProperty("connection", "Keep-Alive");
            connection.setRequestProperty("user-agent", "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; SV1)");
            connection.setRequestProperty("Content-Type", "application/json;charset=utf-8");

            //拼装参数
            if (null != param && param.equals("")) {
                //设置参数
                os = connection.getOutputStream();
                //拼装参数
                os.write(param.getBytes("UTF-8"));
            }
            //设置权限
            //设置请求头等
            //开启连接
            //connection.connect();
            //读取响应
            if (connection.getResponseCode() == 200) {
                is = connection.getInputStream();
                if (null != is) {
                    br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(is, "GBK"));
                    String temp = null;
                    while (null != (temp = br.readLine())) {
                        result.append(temp);
                        result.append("\r\n");
                    }
                }
            }

        } catch (MalformedURLException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } finally {
            //关闭连接
            if(br!=null){
                try {
                    br.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            if(os!=null){
                try {
                    os.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            if(is!=null){
                try {
                    is.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            //关闭连接
            connection.disconnect();
        }
        return result.toString();
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String message = doGet("https://v0.yiketianqi.com/api?unescape=1&version=v91&appid=43656176&appsecret=I42og6Lm&ext=&cityid=&city=");//查询天气的接口
        System.out.println(message);
    }
}

执行结果:

{"cityid":"101280601","city":"深圳","cityEn":"shenzhen","country":"中国","countryEn":"China","update_time":"2022-08-09 22:37:53","data":[{"day":"09日(星期二)","date":"2022-08-09","week":"星期二","wea":"大雨转暴雨","wea_img":"yu",...}

1.2 调用过程分析

创建sun.net.www.protocol.http.HttpURLConnection对象

 connection = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection(); 

这里使用URL的openConnection()方法创建一个HttpURLConnection对象,其实这里方法名具有误导性,通过查看源码,我们可以发现这里其实并不是打开一个连接,这里只是创建了一个HttpURLConnection对象,该对象携带了一些属性:

 

 开始连接

 connection.connect(); 

这里进行tcp连接的建立(三次握手)

此时,HttpURLConnection对象的属性如下(注意如果https需要看代理对象),连接状态为已建立连接。

 

  connection.getResponseCode() 

这行代码作用是获取响应状态码,除了返回状态码之外,还做了很多其他的工作。其中比较重要的是为HttpURLConnection对象设置inputStream属性,该属性表示一个输入流,携带了响应数据,我们就是从这个属性来获得响应数据的。

 

 下面代码是从输入流中读取响应体。

                if (null != is) {
                    br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(is, "UTF-8"));
                    String temp = null;
                    while (null != (temp = br.readLine())) {
                        result.append(temp);
                    }
                }

 

1.3 扩展:reponse返回文件时的处理

既然我们可以得到响应的一个InputStream,如果这个输入流里面是一个文件,我们同样可以有办法接收和另存为文件到本地。

如何判断一个响应是文件类型还是普通的文本类型呢?我们使用响应头中的字段Content-Type字段和Content-Disposition字段进行判断

    public static String download_pdf(String httpUrl, @Nullable String param) {
        StringBuffer result = new StringBuffer();
        //连接
        HttpURLConnection connection = null;
        OutputStream os = null;
        InputStream is = null;
        BufferedReader br = null;
        try {
            //创建连接对象
            URL url = new URL(httpUrl);
            //创建连接
            connection = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();
            //设置请求方法
            connection.setRequestMethod("POST");
            //设置连接超时时间
            connection.setConnectTimeout(15000);
            //设置读取超时时间
            connection.setReadTimeout(15000);
            //DoOutput设置是否向httpUrlConnection输出,DoInput设置是否从httpUrlConnection读入,此外发送post请求必须设置这两个
            //设置是否可读取
            connection.setDoOutput(true);
            connection.setDoInput(true);
            //设置通用的请求属性
            connection.setRequestProperty("accept", "*/*");
            connection.setRequestProperty("connection", "Keep-Alive");
            connection.setRequestProperty("user-agent", "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; SV1)");
            connection.setRequestProperty("Content-Type", "application/json;charset=utf-8");

            //拼装参数
            if (null != param) {
                //设置参数
                os = connection.getOutputStream();
                //拼装参数
                os.write(param.getBytes("UTF-8"));
            }
            //设置权限
            //设置请求头等
            //开启连接
            connection.connect();
            //读取响应
            if (connection.getResponseCode() == 200) {
                String contentType = connection.getHeaderField("Content-Type");
                String contentDisposition = connection.getHeaderField("Content-Disposition");
                String filename = contentDisposition.substring(21);
                is = connection.getInputStream();
                if (null != is) {
                    if("application/pdf".equals(contentType))
                    {
                        inputStreamToFile(is,filename);
                        return "pdf文件,已下载到本地";
                    }
                    br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(is, "UTF-8"));
                    String temp = null;
                    while (null != (temp = br.readLine())) {
                        result.append(temp);
                        result.append("\r\n");
                    }
                }
            }

        } catch (MalformedURLException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } finally {
            //关闭连接
            if(br!=null){
                try {
                    br.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            if(os!=null){
                try {
                    os.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            if(is!=null){
                try {
                    is.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            //关闭连接
            connection.disconnect();
        }
        return result.toString();
    }

    private static void inputStreamToFile(InputStream inputStream,String filename) {
        try {
            //新建文件
            File file = new File("E:\\"+filename);
            if (file.exists()) {
                file.createNewFile();
            }
            OutputStream os = new FileOutputStream(file);
            int read = 0;
            byte[] bytes = new byte[1024 * 1024];
            //先读后写
            while ((read = inputStream.read(bytes)) > 0) {
                byte[] wBytes = new byte[read];
                System.arraycopy(bytes, 0, wBytes, 0, read);
                os.write(wBytes);
            }
            os.flush();
            os.close();
            inputStream.close();
        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }

main方法

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String message = download_pdf("https://xxx/api/files/achieve_pdf","{\"LCID\":\"F21FTSNCKF2460_MUSenyoC\", \"file\":\"BGI_F21FTSNCKF2460_MUSenyoC_report_cn.pdf\",\"token\":\"xxxxxx\"}");
        System.out.println(message);
    }

 

调试信息:

这里Content-Type:application/pdf,Content-Disposition:attachment; filename=BGI_F21FTSNCKF2460_MUSenyoC_report_cn.pdf

 

 最后,我们实现了从响应输入流中获得文件,并保存在了本地。

 2 通过apache的HttpClient

需要注意的是,我们获取响应的方式

 

 我们可以使用3种方式处理响应

例子:

public class HttpClientUtil {
    public static String doGet(String url, String charset) {
        //1.生成HttpClient对象并设置参数
        HttpClient httpClient = new HttpClient();
        //设置Http连接超时为5秒
        httpClient.getHttpConnectionManager().getParams().setConnectionTimeout(5000);
        //2.生成GetMethod对象并设置参数
        GetMethod getMethod = new GetMethod(url);
        //设置get请求超时为5秒
        getMethod.getParams().setParameter(HttpMethodParams.SO_TIMEOUT, 5000);
        //设置请求重试处理,用的是默认的重试处理:请求三次
        getMethod.getParams().setParameter(HttpMethodParams.RETRY_HANDLER, new DefaultHttpMethodRetryHandler());
        String response = "";
        //3.执行HTTP GET 请求
        try {
            int statusCode = httpClient.executeMethod(getMethod);
            //4.判断访问的状态码
            if (statusCode != HttpStatus.SC_OK) {
                System.err.println("请求出错:" + getMethod.getStatusLine());
            }
            //5.处理HTTP响应内容
            //HTTP响应头部信息,这里简单打印
            Header[] headers = getMethod.getResponseHeaders();
            for(Header h : headers) {
                System.out.println(h.getName() + "---------------" + h.getValue());
            }
            //读取HTTP响应内容,这里简单打印网页内容
            //读取为字节数组
            byte[] responseBody = getMethod.getResponseBody();
            response = new String(responseBody, charset);
            System.out.println("-----------response:" + response);
            //读取为InputStream,在网页内容数据量大时候推荐使用
            //InputStream response = getMethod.getResponseBodyAsStream();
        } catch (HttpException e) {
            //发生致命的异常,可能是协议不对或者返回的内容有问题
            System.out.println("请检查输入的URL!");
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (IOException e) {
            //发生网络异常
            System.out.println("发生网络异常!");
        } finally {
            //6.释放连接
            getMethod.releaseConnection();
        }
        return response;
    }

    /**
     * post请求
     * @param url
     * @param json
     * @return
     */
    public static String doPost(String url, JSONObject json){
        HttpClient httpClient = new HttpClient();
        PostMethod postMethod = new PostMethod(url);

        postMethod.addRequestHeader("accept", "*/*");
        postMethod.addRequestHeader("connection", "Keep-Alive");
        //设置json格式传送
        postMethod.addRequestHeader("Content-Type", "application/json;charset=UTF-8");
        //必须设置下面这个Header
        postMethod.addRequestHeader("User-Agent", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/58.0.3029.81 Safari/537.36");
        //添加请求参数
        postMethod.addParameter("commentId", json.getString("commentId"));

        String res = "";
        try {
            int code = httpClient.executeMethod(postMethod);
            if (code == 200){
                res = postMethod.getResponseBodyAsString();
                System.out.println(res);
            }
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        return res;
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        System.out.println(doGet("http://192.168.160.7:8088/2.async.js", "UTF-8"));
        System.out.println("-----------分割线------------");
        System.out.println("-----------分割线------------");
        System.out.println("-----------分割线------------");

        JSONObject jsonObject = new JSONObject();
        jsonObject.put("commentId", "13026194071");
        System.out.println(doPost("http://192.168.160.7:8088/pms/feedback/queryFeedback?createMan=songzhenjing", jsonObject));
    }
}

2.1 执行过程分析

我们分析一下上面例子的执行过程

 doPost(“http://192.168.160.7:8088/pms/feedback/queryFeedback?createMan=xxx”, jsonObject) 

调用这个方法中比较核心的一行代码是

 int code = httpClient.executeMethod(postMethod); 

调用HttpClient的executeMethod方法,该方法中创建一个HttpMethodDirector对象,并调用methodDirector.executeMethod(method);

然后,methodDirector.executeMethod(method)中调用了executeWithRetry(method);

然后PostMethod对象method调用method.execute(state, this.conn);

执行的是PostMethod的父类HttpMethodBase的execute方法,在这个父类的execute方法中调用

        writeRequest(state, conn);
        this.requestSent = true;
        readResponse(state, conn);

其中,writeRequest是将请求写到输出流,该输出流会把请求发送出去,经过网卡到达服务器

readResponse是获取服务器的响应,对应一个输入流,把响应写到输入流,然后我们可以在代码里接收输入流从而接收到响应数据。

继续看writeRequest(state, conn);这个函数的简略代码如下

    protected void writeRequest(HttpState state, HttpConnection conn){
        writeRequestLine(state, conn);//写请求行
        writeRequestHeaders(state, conn);//写请求头
        conn.writeLine(); // 写空行
        writeRequestBody(state, conn);//写请求体
    }

我们以writeRequestLine(state, conn);//写请求行,为例说明请求是如何写到输出流的。

conn是HttpConnection类型的对象,注意不要和java自带的HttpURLConnection混淆,他们是不同的,apache中的HttpConnection也不会最终调用jdk中的HttpURLConnection,他是自成一体

HttpConnection对象携带一个this.outputStream,通过调用this.outputStream.write(data, offset, length);把数据写到输出流。

2.2 对请求体的设置

添加form表单参数

上例中,有这么一行代码

 //添加请求参数 postMethod.addParameter(“commentId”, json.getString(“commentId”)); 

这里其实对应Content-Type:application/x-www-form-urlencoded时设置的form表单的参数,上例中其实有些不正确,不应该设置 postMethod.addRequestHeader(“Content-Type”, “application/json;charset=UTF-8”); 。

字节数组、字符串、输入流作为请求体

如下所示,我们使用RequestEntity设置请求体,它有4个实现类,分别表示字节数组作为请求体、输入流作为请求体、请求体传输文件、字符串作为请求体

 

比如,我们常常使用json传递参数,这时候设置请求体的方式为

        //设置json格式传送
        postMethod.addRequestHeader("Content-Type", "application/json;charset=UTF-8");
        //添加请求参数
        RequestEntity requestEntity = new StringRequestEntity("{json格式的参数}");
        postMethod.setRequestEntity(requestEntity);

下面例子中将会马上看到这种使用json作为body体的实例

2.3 扩展:reponse返回文件时的处理

 这个例子中,我们调用一个接口,这个接口接收json格式的参数,并返回一个pdf。我们把这个响应中的pdf以输入流的方式接收,并输出到本地路径下。

    public static boolean downloadpdf(String url, String json, String path){
        LOGGER.info("url:{},json:{},path:{}", url, json, path);
        HttpClient httpClient = new HttpClient();
        PostMethod postMethod = new PostMethod(url);

        postMethod.addRequestHeader("accept", "*/*");
        postMethod.addRequestHeader("connection", "Keep-Alive");
        //设置json格式传送
        postMethod.addRequestHeader("Content-Type", "application/json;charset=UTF-8");
        //必须设置下面这个Header
        postMethod.addRequestHeader("User-Agent", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/58.0.3029.81 Safari/537.36");
        //添加请求参数
        RequestEntity requestEntity = new StringRequestEntity(json);
        postMethod.setRequestEntity(requestEntity);

        try {
            LOGGER.info("开始发起请求");
            int code = httpClient.executeMethod(postMethod);
            LOGGER.info("完成发起请求,已返回状态码:{}", code);
            if (code == 200){
                String contentType = postMethod.getResponseHeader("Content-Type").getValue();
                String contentDisposition = postMethod.getResponseHeader("Content-Disposition").getValue();
                LOGGER.info("contentType:{},contentDisposition:{}", contentType, contentDisposition);
                String filename = contentDisposition.substring(21);
                InputStream is = postMethod.getResponseBodyAsStream();
                if (null != is) {
                    if("application/pdf".equals(contentType))
                    {
                        return inputStreamToFile(is,path+filename);
                    }
                }
            }
            else {
                LOGGER.error("http响应码不是200");
            }
        } catch (IOException e) {
            LOGGER.error("e", e);
        }
        return false;
    }

    private static boolean inputStreamToFile(InputStream inputStream,String filename) {
        try {
            //新建文件
            File file = new File(filename);
            if (file.exists()) {
                file.createNewFile();
            }
            OutputStream os = new FileOutputStream(file);
            int read = 0;
            byte[] bytes = new byte[1024 * 1024];
            //先读后写
            while ((read = inputStream.read(bytes)) > 0) {
                byte[] wBytes = new byte[read];
                System.arraycopy(bytes, 0, wBytes, 0, read);
                os.write(wBytes);
            }
            os.flush();
            os.close();
            inputStream.close();
            return true;
        } catch (Exception e) {
            LOGGER.error("e", e);
        }
        return false;
    }

main方法

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String json = "{\"LCID\":\"F21FTSNCKF2460_MUSenyoC\", \"file\":\"BGI_F21FTSNCKF2460_MUSenyoC_report_cn.pdf\",\"token\":\"xxx\"}";
        String path = "E:\\";
        downloadpdf("https://xxx/api/files/achieve_pdf", json, path);
    }

执行这个main方法后,将会看到,我们成功的实现了请求一个接口,返回一个pdf,并且我们将这个pdf保存到本地。

3 apache的CloseableHttpClient

个人理解和HttpClient类似,后续补充

4 spring的RestTemplate

这个是用的比较多的,封装的很好,但是因为封装的好,所以其内部细节往往不被我们重视,我们知其然而不能知其所以然,后续补充

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