Recap: Interaction Design

• Interaction Design
  • Designing interactive products to support people in their everyday and working lives.
• Goals of ID
  • Allows users to carry out tasks safely, effectively, efficiently, and enjoyably.

Recap: Why is HCI important?

• Computers (in one way or another) now affect every person in society
• Product success may depend on ease of use, not necessarily power

Why study human use of computers?

• HCI is worth studying because it aligns both human interests and economic interests.
• The HCI discipline includes the study of:
  • the use and context of computers
  • human characterstics
  • computer system and interface architecture
  • the development process

History of HCI

key people, events and ideas

Main theme

• human->computer
• ↓
• computer->human

由人适应计算机发展为计算机适应人，未来可能向人机融合发展，而非谁适应谁

Five stages

• Manual work
  

  狭义的手工作业阶段，如算盘

• Command line

第一次人机交互革命 ↓

• GUI
• Network UI
• Multi-modal UI
  

  第二次人机交互革命

  • Natural use interface, NUI
  • 通过多模态（各种感官通道）形成与计算机自然的交互
  • 对NUI概念要慎重，尚未讨论清楚
  • Intelligent use interface, IUI

Input/Output devices

The lesson

• Keyboards & terminals are just artifacts of today\’s technologies
  

  artifact: 人造物->我们或许也可以某种程度上改变世界

• New input/output devices will change the way we interact with computers

Basic Interactions

• Direct Manipulation of graphical objects
  

  direct Manipulation 有学术定义

• The Mouse
• Windows
  

  工作空间

Vannevar Bush (1890-1974)

• “As we may think” article in Atlantic Monthly
  

  建议阅读 https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1945/07/as-we-may-think/303881/

• Identified the information storage and retrieval problem: new knowledge does not reach the people who could benefit from it.
  

  “publication has been extended far beyond our present ability to make real use of the record”

• Bush\’s Memex
  • Conceiving Hypertext and the World Wide Web
    • a device where individuals stores all personal books, records, communication.etc
    • items retrieved rapidly through indexing, keywords, cross references,…
    • can annotate text with margin notes comments…
    • can construct and save a trail (chain of links) through the material
    • acts as an external memory
  • Bush\’s Memex based on microfilm recorder
    • but not implemented

• 布什认为世界是模糊的，应当以模糊的方式来处理，所以他不支持数字计算机
• ↑ 涉及到世界认知的本源问题——如果世界的本源是离散的，那么离散建模没有问题；如果世界的本源并非离散，那么有可能现在阶段的建模是完全错误的

J.C.R. licklider (1915-1990)

• “Computing\’s Johnny Appleseed”
• His ideas foretold of graphical computing, point-and-click interfaces, digital libraries, e-commerce, online banking, and software that would exist on a network and migrate to wherever it was needed.
• Outlined “man-computer symbiosis”
• Immediate goals

  • time sharing of computers among many users

    分时技术

  • electronic i/o for the display and communication of symbolic and pictorial information

  • interactive real time system for information processing and programming

  • large scale information storage and retrieval

    目前其实仍未做到

  • facilitation of human cooperation in the design & programming of large systems

  • combined speech recognition, hand-printed character recognition & light-pen editing

• Long tem visions
  • natural language understanding (syntax, semantics, pragmatics)
    • syntax 语法：The study of the rules whereby words or other elements of sentence
    • semantics 语义：The study or science of meaning in language forms
    • pragmatics 语用：The study of language as it is used in a social context and affects the interlocutors(对话者) and their behavior
  • speech recognition of arbitrary computer users
  • heuristic programming

Ivan Sutherland\’s SketchPad

发明了用光笔在屏幕上可以作CAD图形，成为计算机图形学&计算机辅助设计的奠基人

• Sophisticated drawing package
• Introduced many ideas/concepts now found in today\’s interface
  • hierarchical structures defined pictures and sub-pictures
  • object-oriented programming: master pictures with instances
  • constraints: specify details which the system maintains through changes
  • icons: small pictures that represented more complex items
  • copying: both pictures and constraints
  • input techniques: efficient use of light pen
  • world coordinates: separation of screen from drawing coordinates
  • recursive operations: applied to children of hierarchical objects
• Parallel developments in hardware
  • “low-cost” graphics terminals
  • input devices such as data tablets
  • display processors capable of real-time manipulation of images
  • HMD
  • ACM Turning Award

Douglas Engelbart

• The problem (early \’50s)
  

  • “… The world is getting more complex, and problems are getting more urgent. These must be dealt with collectively. However, human abilities to deal collectively with complex/urgent problems are not increasing as fast as these problems”
  • “If you could do something to improve human capability to deal with these problems, then you\’d really contribute something basic.”
  • 探讨知识爆炸问题->中国较美国的知识爆炸期晚了约40年

• A Conceptual Framework for Augmenting Human Intellect (SRI Report, 1962)

Online Resources

• ACM SIGCHI(1982) www.sigchi.org
• Human Factors & Ergonomics Society https://www.hfes.org
• HCI Journals
• The HCI Bibliography http://www.hcibib.org
• Resonant Interface Book
• ID Book http://www.id-book.com
• GUI gallery
• Bad UI designs